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Articles

Practical LFSR random number generators

Posted on May 21, 2009July 18, 2025

The linear feedback shift register is one of the most useful techniques for generating psuedo-random numbers. I’ve used this method for creating noise generators and as an element in the random modulation generators I spent a long time developing for my Protowave synth. If you’re not really clear how an LFSR works, have a look […]

Posted in Noise, PIC/Programming, Synth DIY   11 Comments on Practical LFSR random number generators

Voltage Controlled ADSR Envelope Generator (VC ADSR 7B)

Posted on July 20, 2008February 26, 2024

A CEM 3312 / SSM 2056 clone using cheap PIC microprocessors This page describes a cheap clone of the CEM 3312 and SSM 2056 voltage-controlled envelope generator chips. Both of these chips include voltage control of A, D, S and R, but both include other inputs too. The CEM 3312 chip has a input which […]

Posted in Envelope Generators, Projects, Synth DIY   48 Comments on Voltage Controlled ADSR Envelope Generator (VC ADSR 7B)

Envelope Generator – Some notes on the code

Posted on July 11, 2008August 11, 2022

The code follows the same general principles as the LFO, in that it divides into two sections. The main code loop polls each of the A/D channels in turn (one channel per time round the loop) and then does something with the value that was read. The values are not used directly, but instead are […]

Posted in Envelope Generators, PIC/Programming, Synth DIY   Leave a Comment on Envelope Generator – Some notes on the code

CEM3320 Filter designs

Posted on July 1, 2008November 12, 2018

Like my SSM2044 page, this page is a look at how various synths implemented the CEM3320 filter, with the datasheet design as a reference standard. Whereas the SSM2044 is a dedicated lowpass filter, the CEM3320 is just a set of filter building blocks. In this respect, it is more like the earlier SSM2040. The CEM […]

Posted in Elka, Filters, OB-Xa, Oberheim, Pro-One, Sequential, Synth DIY, Synthex   51 Comments on CEM3320 Filter designs

SSM2044 LP Filter designs

Posted on June 18, 2008March 5, 2018

This page is a look at how various synths implemented the SSM2044 filter, with the datasheet design as a reference standard. I’ve redrawn all the schematics to make comparisons very easy. First, the datasheet design.   The datasheet suggests using the two differential inputs (+audio and -audio) as individual oscillator inputs for a two-oscillator synth […]

Posted in Filters, Korg, MonoPoly, Opera, Polysix, PPG, Siel, Synth DIY, Trident, Wave   12 Comments on SSM2044 LP Filter designs

Technical aspects of the Hammond Organ

Posted on June 15, 2008February 11, 2026

This page is intended to be a look at some of the key technical aspects of the B3 Hammond organ that contribute to the “Hammond sound”. My personal slant is towards copying this sound using other technology. Perhaps one day I’ll build a “clonewheel” organ, but then again, Clavia might have nailed it! Still, building […]

Posted in Hammond   30 Comments on Technical aspects of the Hammond Organ

Voltage Controlled LFO (VCLFO 9D)

Posted on May 27, 2008May 5, 2017

This voltage-controlled LFO is based on the PIC 16F684, which is a pretty basic chip. Nonetheless, this LFO has more features than your average LFO. For a start, it can produce 7 basic waveforms, and also includes a noise source. It can also morph its waveforms under CV control, well beyond basic PWM. There is […]

Posted in LFOs, Projects, Synth DIY   16 Comments on Voltage Controlled LFO (VCLFO 9D)

Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) and Numerically Controlled Oscillators (NCOs)

Posted on May 22, 2008February 11, 2022

Direct digital synthesis is a common technique for generating waveforms digitally. The principles of the technique are simple and widely applicable. You can build a DDS oscillator in hardware or in software. A DDS oscillator is sometimes also known as a Numerically-Controlled Oscillator (NCO). How does it work? The most important part of a DDS […]

Posted in Oscillators, Synth DIY   Leave a Comment on Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) and Numerically Controlled Oscillators (NCOs)

Phase Distortion Synthesis

Posted on May 21, 2008January 4, 2016

I heard about this and could find little about it, so I started to investigate. Phase Distortion is one of those forgotten synthesis techniques that someone once built a few instruments with, and then abandoned. In the case of PD, Casio were unlikely synth pioneers to start with, and after a brief flirtation they gave […]

Posted in Casio, Phase Distortion   7 Comments on Phase Distortion Synthesis

Wavetable Oscillators

Posted on May 21, 2008April 7, 2023

This page is an overview of two techniques for creating wavetable oscillators. Contents DDS – Korg DW series and similar Variable sample rate – PPG Wave and similar DDS – Korg DW series and similar The Korg DW series use a DDS oscillator scheme. Korg called it ‘DWGS’ for ‘Digital Waveform Generator System’ in the 80’s style […]

Posted in DW series, Korg, Oscillators, PPG, Synth DIY, Wave   8 Comments on Wavetable Oscillators

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